東北復興待何時(shí)？ | 紐約時(shí)報——1

China, Like U.S., Struggles to Revive Industrial Heartland

SHENYANG, China — The hulking, brown-brick industrial plants lining the roads were once the backbone of this gritty city. Today, they are outdated and unwanted, and the region is one of the Chinese economy’s most troubled.
中國沈陽(yáng)。路兩側棕色磚頭砌成的龐大工廠(chǎng)曾經(jīng)是這座粗獷城市的脊梁。今天，一切都過(guò)時(shí)了，沒(méi)有人待見(jiàn)它們，這里是中國經(jīng)濟最困難的地區。
A short drive away, however, a newly minted industrial park offers reasons for optimism. Liu Qi, the chairman of PQI Industrial Technology Group, opened an $18 million factory there last year, equipped with whirring robots that pound out car parts for the German automaker BMW.
然而，開(kāi)車(chē)走不遠，一座新修的工業(yè)園讓人有了樂(lè )觀(guān)的理由。普祺工業(yè)科技術(shù)集團董事長(cháng)劉奇去年投資1800萬(wàn)美元建廠(chǎng)，機器人颼颼生風(fēng)，為德國汽車(chē)制造商寶馬打造汽車(chē)配件。
The factory, and the more than 200 jobs it has created, is just one small part of a grand plan led by China’s government to rejuvenate Shenyang, a city of eight million, by replacing stumbling state industries with modern manufacturing and start-up companies.
該工廠(chǎng)創(chuàng )造了超過(guò)200個(gè)就業(yè)崗位，是振興沈陽(yáng)宏大計劃的一小部分。中國政府在這座擁有800萬(wàn)人口的城市推動(dòng)著(zhù)這一計劃，將舉步維艱的國有工業(yè)替換為現代制造業(yè)和初創(chuàng )企業(yè)。
"When things hit bottom, there is an opportunity for things to go up," Mr. Liu, 46, said.
"觸底了，就有機會(huì )反彈，"46歲的劉奇說(shuō)。
Whether the rejuvenation happens will shape not just the future of Shenyang, but also, potentially, the entire Chinese economy. The city’s woes represent a broader problem: There are too many unproductive, debt-laden factories that are losing business as China’s growth slows. If Beijing fails to overhaul those crumbling industries and revive the communities that rely on them, Shenyang and the surrounding area — and other similar regions — could weigh heavily on the country’s economic progress.
振興與否不僅塑造著(zhù)沈陽(yáng)的未來(lái)，可能還關(guān)乎整個(gè)中國經(jīng)濟。這所城市的困難體現出更大的問(wèn)題：隨著(zhù)中國增長(cháng)放緩，有太多不事生產(chǎn)、債務(wù)累累的工廠(chǎng)。如果中國政府不能徹底整治這些瀕臨垮塌的產(chǎn)業(yè)，并讓仰仗其生活的人再度活躍起來(lái)，沈陽(yáng)和其周邊地區以及其他類(lèi)似地區可能成為該國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的重擔。
The story of Shenyang will probably sound familiar in places like Midwestern towns in the United States that have seen important industries decline or depart. During China’s go-go years, when factories, roads and housing were constructed with wild abandon, the city’s heavy industrial companies, many of them owned by the state, boomed. A rush of wealth was plowed into new apartment towers and shopping malls in Shenyang. The city still has an industrial air, with central office blocks designed in a near-uniform drab brown, matching its factory complexes.
沈陽(yáng)的故事在美國中西部城鎮并不陌生，那里也經(jīng)歷了重要產(chǎn)業(yè)的凋零或離去。在中國大干快上的那些年里，工廠(chǎng)、公路和住房野蠻生長(cháng)，該市的重工業(yè)隨之繁榮起來(lái)，而許多是國有公司。大量財富流入沈陽(yáng)的新住宅樓和購物中心。城市還有一種工業(yè)范兒，中央商務(wù)區大樓設計成單調劃一的淺褐色，和工廠(chǎng)車(chē)間統一風(fēng)格。
But as China’s investment binge fizzled, Shenyang and its factories sputtered. Last year, the economy of the northeastern province of Liaoning, of which Shenyang is the capital, shrank 2.5 percent — a shocking figure in a country accustomed to seemingly endless expansion. Other major cities have sped ahead of Shenyang in the development of the high-tech and service companies expected to propel China’s future growth.
可隨著(zhù)中國投資熱潮虎頭蛇尾，沈陽(yáng)和沈陽(yáng)的工廠(chǎng)算是完犢子了。去年，東北遼寧省的經(jīng)濟下降2.5%，對習慣于不斷擴張的過(guò)渡而言，這一數字令人大跌眼鏡，而沈陽(yáng)正是遼寧省的省會(huì )。其他主要城市發(fā)展超過(guò)沈陽(yáng)，發(fā)展高技術(shù)和服務(wù)業(yè)，有望驅動(dòng)中國未來(lái)的增長(cháng)。
The entire northeast of the country, where much heavy industry has been concentrated, runs the risk of being left badly behind. The decay of this factory zone has left Beijing with a similar knotty problem to the one that has plagued Washington for decades: how to resurrect down-on-their-luck areas. In the United States, President Trump plans to streamline regulation, cut corporate taxes and renegotiate trade pacts to bring factory jobs back to troubled towns.
整個(gè)東北主要以重工業(yè)為主，有被落在后面的風(fēng)險。這一工業(yè)區的衰落，讓中國政府同樣面臨著(zhù)困擾了美國政府數十年的棘手問(wèn)題：如何復興走下坡路的地區。在美國，特朗普總統計劃簡(jiǎn)政放權，削減公司稅，重新談判貿易協(xié)定，把工廠(chǎng)崗位送回困難重重的城市中去。

沈陽(yáng)斯特翻譯公司轉載
Around the world, state intervention to attempt to stimulate a domestic economy is not unusual. But officials in China, as is often the case, have adopted a much more hands-on approach. With lavish incentives and initiatives, they are trying to attract investment to the region and to upgrade its industries. Shenyang is a crucial test case. The city has set up a $7 million fund to support high-tech industries, promised a $30,000 bonus for some technology firms, and offered to pare the corporate tax rate for companies in favored sectors.
放眼世界，通過(guò)國家干預來(lái)刺激國內經(jīng)濟并不稀奇。但中國官員一貫更加親力親為。通過(guò)大幅激勵和有力倡議，他們力圖把投資吸引過(guò)來(lái)，升級產(chǎn)業(yè)。沈陽(yáng)是關(guān)鍵的試點(diǎn)。該市設立了700萬(wàn)美元基金支持高科技業(yè)，承諾給部分技術(shù)公司3萬(wàn)美元獎勵，并降低了優(yōu)先發(fā)展部門(mén)的公司稅率。
Mr. Liu’s factory opened inside the China-Germany Equipment Manufacturing Industrial Park, introduced in late 2015 to try to attract advanced production in robotics, automotive components and other industrial sectors. The government offers a 30 percent discount on land, streamlined regulations and other perks for companies that set up in the facility. PQI is now negotiating for rent breaks and cheap land for his current factory, as well as for future investments.
劉奇的工廠(chǎng)位于中德裝備制造產(chǎn)業(yè)園內，工業(yè)園2015年末開(kāi)業(yè)，引進(jìn)機器人、汽車(chē)配件和其他工業(yè)部門(mén)中的高端制造。政府在土地方面給予30%的折扣，簡(jiǎn)化法規，為在園內建廠(chǎng)的公司提供各類(lèi)特殊照顧。普祺正在為目前的工廠(chǎng)和未來(lái)投資申請租金寬減和土地低價(jià)轉讓。
Zhang Yanzan, the park’s deputy director, says that, since its opening, more than 140 factories have been completed or are underway, hauling in a total investment of nearly $6 billion. "We hope this park can be an example for other areas," he said.
工業(yè)園副主任張硯瓚表示，開(kāi)園以來(lái)，超過(guò)140家工廠(chǎng)入駐或正在入駐，吸引總投資近60億美元。"我們希望園區成為其他地區的范本。"
The city authorities are also striving to persuade local college graduates to start companies in Shenyang by offering subsidies. The effort is focused on a shopping arcade of fast-food restaurants and computer outlets that had Start-Up and Innovation Street added to its name in 2015. On the top floor of one office tower in the area is an incubator called Phoenix Valley, founded by two Shenyang-born businessmen. One room is a cafe, where budding entrepreneurs swap tips over cappuccinos and browse shelves of books on business building. Next door, desks can be rented in a communal office for 300 renminbi, or about $45, a month. The incubator has more than 100 members and will soon open a second office in the city.
市政府還提供補助，鼓勵當地大學(xué)畢業(yè)生在沈陽(yáng)創(chuàng )業(yè)。這主要集中在2015年被命名為"創(chuàng )業(yè)創(chuàng )新大街"的一條商街，兩側是快餐館和電腦門(mén)市。 這里一棟寫(xiě)字樓的頂層有一家叫做"梧桐谷"的孵化企業(yè)，是兩個(gè)沈陽(yáng)商人創(chuàng )建的。一間屋子是咖啡廳，創(chuàng )業(yè)者喝著(zhù)卡布奇諾交流經(jīng)驗，瀏覽滿(mǎn)架子的創(chuàng )業(yè)書(shū)籍。隔壁是公用辦公室，可以租桌子，每月300元，約合45美元。孵化器有100多個(gè)成員，很快會(huì )在沈陽(yáng)再開(kāi)一家。
"The development in Shenyang is not as fast as in Beijing and Shenzhen, but if start-ups are really good at what they do, they will have more potential to grow," said Hong Qifan, who founded Phoenix Valley with his business partner, Ma Ke, citing China’s capital and one of its southern boom towns.
"沈陽(yáng)的發(fā)展沒(méi)有北京和深圳那么快，但如果初創(chuàng )企業(yè)真得找對了路子，他們的增長(cháng)潛力也大，"梧桐谷洪啟凡和合伙人馬可對比中國首都和中國南部一發(fā)展迅速的城市時(shí)說(shuō)。
Shenyang’s taxpayers are contributing to the effort. Some entrepreneurs are eligible for subsidized housing, with rent costing the equivalent of $30 a month. This year, Phoenix Valley received a cash handout from the central and municipal governments worth more than $70,000. Local officials also helped the incubator’s founders negotiate a below-market rent for its headquarters.
沈陽(yáng)的納稅人也出了力。有些企業(yè)家有資格獲得住房補貼，租金大概也就每月30美元。今年，梧桐谷拿到中央和市政府超過(guò)7萬(wàn)美元的現金。當地官員還幫助孵化器創(chuàng )始人拿到低于市場(chǎng)價(jià)的房租作為總部辦公地。
Occupying one of the Phoenix Valley desks recently was Tao Qiuchen, 25, a Shenyang native who has founded a company called Hong Mo Fang Enterprise Management, which plans parties. In less than a year, Mr. Tao has hired 20 employees, thanks in part to the local government, which pays the interest on the $24,000 bank loan he took out to start the business.
25歲的陶秋晨租了梧桐谷的桌子，他是沈陽(yáng)本地人，創(chuàng )建了紅磨坊企業(yè)管理公司，主營(yíng)策劃派對。不到一年時(shí)間，陶秋晨雇傭了20名員工，一定程度上多虧了地方政府，后者支付了他創(chuàng )業(yè)時(shí)從銀行獲得的2.4萬(wàn)美元貸款的利息。
The government programs "are definitely helping the economy," he said. Still, Innovation Street pales in comparison to the efforts in hot spots like Beijing and Hangzhou, a city in the east, which have not only higher salaries, but also entire neighborhoods of start-up centers. And the residents of Phoenix Valley complain that venture capital and talent are scarce in Shenyang.
政府項目"肯定對經(jīng)濟有幫助"，他說(shuō)。但創(chuàng )業(yè)創(chuàng )新大街沒(méi)法與北京、杭州等熱點(diǎn)城市相比。東部城市杭州不僅工資更高，整片地區都是初創(chuàng )企業(yè)中心。入駐梧桐谷的創(chuàng )業(yè)者抱怨沈陽(yáng)沒(méi)有風(fēng)投和人才。
Other initiatives in the city seem to be generating more buzz than business. In April, Shenyang opened a branch of the provincial free-trade zone, in which companies can benefit from reduced red tape, discounted land and other advantages. At its offices, in the corner of a gargantuan, columned hall worthy of a Star Trek set, dozens of businesspeople and their agents lined up to register companies.
城市其他舉措的聲勢看起來(lái)比生意要紅火。四月，一個(gè)省級自由貿易區設立了沈陽(yáng)片區，對于企業(yè)而言，這里審批手續少，土地價(jià)格有優(yōu)惠，還有其他一些好處。自貿片區辦公室設在一個(gè)巨大的、有廊柱的大廳一角，宛若《星際迷航》的布景。數十名商人及其代理人正在排隊注冊公司。
But the zone’s rules do not require these businesspeople to start any actual operations there. Tian Jiawei, a manager at an agricultural company based near Shenyang, registered an export-import firm, but has no plans to open an office or hire workers. "I’m not sure what kind of tax break I might enjoy, but I didn’t want to miss the opportunity," he said.
但自貿區規定不要求商人在此進(jìn)行實(shí)質(zhì)性企業(yè)活動(dòng)。沈陽(yáng)附近一家農業(yè)公司的負責人田家瑋注冊了一家進(jìn)出口公司，但不打算設辦公室或招聘員工。"我不確定能享受什么稅收減免優(yōu)惠，但我不想錯過(guò)機會(huì )，"他說(shuō)。
More problematic: Shenyang’s incentive programs are not unique. "Every province and city in China has policies to encourage investment and start-ups," said Zhao Xijun, deputy dean of the School of Finance at Renmin University in Beijing. "If northeast cities just do the same, they won’t be able to compete with those who are already ahead of them."
更麻煩的是，沈陽(yáng)的刺激計劃并非獨一無(wú)二。"中國的每個(gè)省市都有鼓勵投資和創(chuàng )業(yè)的政策，"中國人民大學(xué)財政金融學(xué)院副院長(cháng)趙錫軍說(shuō)。"如果東北各市只是做一樣的事，他們無(wú)法與已經(jīng)走在它們前面的那些地方競爭。
The result is that, even with its active officials, China may find reviving its troubled industrial towns every bit as challenging as Western countries like the United States do.
結果是，即便官員行動(dòng)積極，中國可能發(fā)現重振陷入困境的工業(yè)城市，其難度一點(diǎn)也不比美國等西方國家弱。
"Shenyang still has a long way to go," Mr. Liu, the factory owner, said. "It is like grass that you burn to the ground. It is going to grow back. You just don’t see it at the moment."
"沈陽(yáng)還有很長(cháng)的一段路要走，"工廠(chǎng)主劉奇說(shuō)。"好比你把地上的草燒干凈了，它會(huì )長(cháng)回來(lái)的，但現在還看不到。"
沈陽(yáng)斯特翻譯公司轉載